Characterization

Description(s):

The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is a conserved and essential stress response that cells activate to combat endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, commonly caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins or failing protein quality control.   UPR signaling has been identified as one of the avenues leading to the inflammatory response. The integration of ER stress, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response is critical to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, such as  diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and obesity.  It has been demonstrated that some cytokines can activate ER Stress and that ER stress can increase the expression of certain cytokines as well.  Therefore, cytokine profiling provides a valuable tool for examining the relationship between cytokine expression and ER stress response.  Signosis’ ER stress ELISA Strip allows quantitative profiling and measures 8 ER stress-associated cytokines. The list of cytokines is as follows: TNFα, IL-1β,IFNγ, IL-6 ,IGF-1, MCP-1, Leptin and TGFβ .

Detection Range:
    8 - 2000 pg/mL

Sensitivity:
    5 - 10 pg/mL

Applicable Grid:

List of Applicable Cytokines

TNFα

IL-1β

IFNγ

IL-6

IGF-1

MCP-1

Leptin

TGFβ

 

Principle

Each well of the strip is coated with a specific capture antibody to detect its corresponding cytokine in the sample. Therefore, eight different proteins can be measured simultaneously. In this assay, the test sample initially reacts with the solid phase capture antibody, resulting in the cytokine being bound to the well. The wells are then washed to remove unbound proteins, and biotin-linked antibodies are added to bind to the cytokines. After washing away the unbound antibodies, Streptavidin-HRP conjugate is added to form a complex with the antibody-bound cytokines. After incubation, the wells are washed to remove unbound Streptavidin-HRP conjugate. The HRP substrate, TMB, is then added and forms a blue color when the HRP-linked antibodies are detected. The reaction is then terminated with Stop Solution, which changes the color from blue to yellow. The cytokine concentration in each well is directly proportional to its color intensity and can be quantified by measuring its optical density at 450 nm (OD450) in a microplate reader.

 

 

 

Literature

View user manual

 

Citations

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The immune-enhancing effect of the Cronobacter sakazakii ES2 phage results in the activation of nuclear factor-κB and dendritic cell maturation via the activation of IL-12 p40 in the mouse bone marrow. An TW, Kim SJ, Lee YD, Park JH, Chang H. Immunol Lett. 2014 Jan-Feb;157(1-2):1-8.
 
Effect of carbon nanoparticles on renal epithelial cell structure, barrier function, and protein expression. Blazer-Yost BL, Banga A, Amos A, Chernoff E, Lai X, Li C, Mitra S, Witzmann FA. Nanotoxicology, 2011 Sep, 5: 354-371. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2010.514076. Epub 2010 Nov 10. 
 
The immune-enhancing effect of the Cronobacter sakazakii ES2 phage results in the activation of nuclear factor-κB and dendritic cell maturation via the activation of IL-12 p40 in the mouse bone marrow. An TW, Kim SJ, Lee YD, Park JH, Chang H. Immunol Lett. 2014 Jan-Feb;157(1-2):1-8.
 
Effect of carbon nanoparticles on renal epithelial cell structure, barrier function, and protein expression. Blazer-Yost BL, Banga A, Amos A, Chernoff E, Lai X, Li C, Mitra S, Witzmann FA. Nanotoxicology, 2011 Sep, 5: 354-371. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2010.514076. Epub 2010 Nov 10. 
 
Dipyridamole prevents triple-negative breast-cancer progression, Daniela Spano, Jean-Claude Marshall, Natascia Marino, Daniela De Martino, Alessia Romano, Spano D, Marshall JC, Marino N, De Martino D, Romano A, Scoppettuolo MN, Bello AM, Di Dato V, Navas L, De Vita G, Medaglia C, Steeg PS, Zollo M. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2013 Jan;30(1):47-68. doi: 10.1007/s10585-012-9506-0. Epub 2012 Jul 4.
 
Computational Protein Design to Reengineer Stromal Cell–Derived Factor-1α Generates an Effective and Translatable Angiogenic Polypeptide Analog. Hiesinger W, Perez-Aguilar JM, Atluri P, Marotta NA, Frederick JR, Fitzpatrick JR 3rd, McCormick RC, Muenzer JR, Yang EC, Levit RD, Yuan LJ, Macarthur JW,Saven JG, Woo YJ. Circulation., 2012 Sep;124:S18-S26.
 
Stem Cells and Cardiac Repair. Sadia Mohsin, Daniele Avitabile, and Mohsin Khan. Stem Cells International Volume 2015, Article ID 153627, 2 pages.
 
Chemopreventive and immunomodulatory effects of Murraya koenigii aqueous extract on 4T1 breast cancer cell-challenged mice. SK Yeap, N Abu, NE Mohamad, BK Beh, WY Ho, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015, 15:306  doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0832-z.

Osteocyte apoptosis is mechanically regulated and induces angiogenesis in vitro. Cheung WY, Liu C, Tonelli-Zasarsky RM, Simmons CA, You L. J Orthop Res. 2011 Apr;29(4):523-30.
 
A Novel Function of p38-Regulated/Activated Kinase in Endothelial Cell Migration and Tumor Angiogenesis. Yoshizuka N, Chen RM, Xu Z, Liao R, Hong L, Hu WY, Yu G, Han J, Chen L, Sun P. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2012 Feb; 32:606-618.
 
NF1 gene silencing induces upregulation of VEGF expression in both Schwann and non-Schwann cells. Kawachi Y, Maruyama H, Ishitsuka Y, Fujisawa Y, Furuta J, Nakamura Y, Ichikawa E, Furumura M, Otsuka F.
Exp Dermatol., 2013 Apr;22(4):262-265. doi: 10.1111/exd.12115. Epub 2013 Mar 26.
 
Modulation of Matrix Metalloprotease-2 Levels by Mechanical Loading of Three-Dimensional Mesenchymal Stem Cell Constructs: Impact on In Vitro Tube Formation. Glaeser. , Geissler S, Ode A, Schipp CJ, Matziolis G, Taylor WR, Knaus P, Perka C, Duda GN, Kasper G. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010 Oct;16(10):3139-48.
 
A Novel Function of p38-Regulated/Activated Kinase in Endothelial Cell Migration and Tumor Angiogenesis. Yoshizuka N, Chen RM, Xu Z, Liao R, Hong L, Hu WY, Yu G, Han J, Chen L, Sun P. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2012 Feb;32:606-618.
 
miR-21 modulates tumor outgrowth induced by human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vivo. Shin KK, Lee AL, Kim JY, Lee SY, Bae YC, Jung JS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 2012 Jun;422(4):633-8.

Inhibition of ERK1/2 Worsens Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Ban K, Peng Z, Kozar RA. PLoS One. 8(9): e76790.
 
Supplemental Oxygen Reverses Hypoxia Induced Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Modulating HIF-alpha and VEGF Levels in a Rabbit Arteriovenous Fistula Model. Wan J, Lata C, Santilli A, Green D, Roy S, Santilli S. Ann Vasc Surg.  2013 Dec 14. pii: S0890-5096(13)00667-5.
 
GRK2 blockade with betaARKct is essential for cardiac beta2-adrenergic receptor signaling towards increased contractility. Salazar NC, Vallejos X, Siryk A, Rengo G, Cannavo A, Liccardo D, De Lucia C, Gao E, Leosco D, Koch WJ, Lymperopoulos A. Cell Commun Signal. 2013 Aug;11(1):64. [Epub ahead of print].
 
Protective Role of p70S6K in Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice. Ban K, Kozar RA. PLoS One., 2012;7(7):e41584. 013 Sep;8(9):e76790.
 
Carbon nanotubes induce inflammation but decrease the production of reactive oxygen species in lung, Crouzier D, Follot S, Gentilhomme E, Flahaut E, Arnaud R, Dabouis V, Castellarin C, Debouzy JC. Toxicology. 2010 Jun 4;272(1-3):39-45. 
 
Adora2b signaling on bone marrow derived cells dampens myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Koeppen M, Harter PN, Bonney S, Bonney M, Reithel S, Zachskorn C, Mittelbronn M, Eckle T. Anesthesiology. 2012 Jun;116(6):1245-57.
 
NF1 gene silencing induces upregulation of VEGF expression in both Schwann and non-Schwann cells. Kawachi Y, Maruyama H, Ishitsuka Y, Fujisawa Y, Furuta J, Nakamura Y, Ichikawa E, Furumura M, Otsuka F. Exp Dermatol., 2013 Apr;22(4):262-265.